short-selling [CapiPedia]

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====== Short-Selling ======
Short-selling (also known as 'shorting' or 'going short') is an investment strategy that bets on a decline in a [[stock]]'s price. Think of it as investing in reverse. Instead of the classic "buy low, sell high" mantra, short-sellers aim to **sell high, buy low**. The process involves borrowing shares of a company from a [[broker]] through a [[margin account]], immediately selling them on the open market, and hoping the price falls. If the bet pays off, the short-seller buys the shares back at the new, lower price and returns them to the lender, pocketing the difference as profit. It's a high-risk, high-reward tactic that stands in stark contrast to the long-term, business-owner mindset of [[value investing]]. While it can be a tool to profit from overvalued or fraudulent companies, its potential for unlimited losses makes it a dangerous game for the uninitiated. Many legendary investors, including [[Warren Buffett]], have warned that the potential gains from shorting are simply not worth the immense risk and mental anguish involved.
===== How Does It Actually Work? =====
The mechanics of shorting can seem counterintuitive at first, so let's walk through a simple, hypothetical example.
Imagine you believe that shares of "Overvalued Inc." are doomed to fall from their current price of €100 per share. You decide to short the stock.
  - **Step 1: Borrow.** You contact your broker and borrow 100 shares of Overvalued Inc. You don't own these shares; they are lent to you from another investor's holdings or the brokerage's own inventory.
  - **Step 2: Sell.** You immediately sell these 100 borrowed shares on the open market at €100 each. Your account is credited with €10,000 (100 shares x €100).
  - **Step 3: Wait.** A few weeks later, your analysis proves correct! Bad news hits Overvalued Inc., and the stock price plummets to €60 per share.
  - **Step 4: Buy to Cover.** Now it's time to close your position. You buy 100 shares of Overvalued Inc. at the new, lower market price of €60. This costs you €6,000 (100 shares x €60). This act of buying back the shares is called "covering" your short.
  - **Step 5: Return & Profit.** The 100 shares you just bought are automatically returned to your broker, settling your loan. The difference is your profit: you received €10,000 and spent €6,000, leaving you with a gross profit of €4,000.
Of course, this profit would be reduced by any commissions and borrowing fees (interest) you had to pay on the borrowed shares.
===== The Risks: A High-Stakes Game =====
While the example above looks easy, short-selling is one of the riskiest strategies in finance. The deck is often stacked against you.
==== Unlimited Losses ====
When you buy a stock (go long), the most you can possibly lose is your initial investment—if the company goes bankrupt, your €1,000 investment becomes €0. Your loss is capped at 100%.
With short-selling, this safety net vanishes. A stock's price can, in theory, rise indefinitely. If you shorted Overvalued Inc. at €100 and it unexpectedly soared to €300, you would have to spend €30,000 to buy back the shares you sold for €10,000. That’s a €20,000 loss on a position that only netted you €10,000 to begin with. **Your potential loss is infinite.**
==== The Dreaded Short Squeeze ====
This is the short-seller's ultimate nightmare. A [[short squeeze]] occurs when a heavily shorted stock starts to //rise// instead of fall. As the price climbs, short-sellers get nervous and start buying shares to cover their positions and cut their losses. This sudden wave of buying pressure creates more demand, pushing the stock price even higher, faster. This, in turn, forces more short-sellers to capitulate and buy back shares at ever-worsening prices. It’s a vicious feedback loop that can lead to explosive, meteoric price spikes and catastrophic losses for anyone caught on the short side.
==== Borrowing Costs and Other Headaches ====
Shorting isn't free. You are constantly battling headwinds that eat into potential profits.
  * **Borrowing Fees:** You have to pay interest on the value of the shares you've borrowed. For hard-to-borrow stocks, this fee can be substantial.
  * **Dividend Payments:** If the company pays a [[dividend]] while you are short, //you// are responsible for paying that dividend to the person from whom you borrowed the shares.
  * **Margin Calls:** If the stock price rises significantly, your broker will issue a [[margin call]], demanding you add more cash to your account to cover your potential losses. If you can't, the broker can forcibly close your position at the worst possible time, locking in a massive loss for you.
===== A Value Investor's Perspective =====
For a true value investor, short-selling is generally considered a fool's errand. The entire philosophy is built on finding wonderful businesses to own for the long term. Shorting is the exact opposite; it's a short-term bet //against// a business, often for reasons that have more to do with market sentiment than business fundamentals.
[[Charlie Munger]], Buffett's long-time partner, summed up their firm's view perfectly: "It's a very tough way to make money, and we don't like it. We don't like trading agony for money." The asymmetry is profoundly unattractive: your maximum gain is capped at 100% (if the company goes to zero), while your maximum loss is unlimited. A long-term investor has the opposite, much more favorable asymmetry: your loss is capped at 100%, while your gain is unlimited.
That said, short-sellers play a vital, if controversial, role in the market ecosystem. They act as financial detectives and skeptics. Activist short-sellers, like [[Jim Chanos]] who famously exposed the fraud at [[Enron]], can be a powerful check on corporate excess and outright criminality, protecting investors by flagging problems long before they become common knowledge.
For the average investor, however, the message is clear: short-selling is a hazardous activity best left to highly sophisticated professionals with deep pockets and an iron stomach.