Return on Investment (ROI) [CapiPedia]

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======Return on Investment (ROI)======
Return on Investment (ROI) is one of the most fundamental concepts in the world of finance and a cornerstone of smart investing. Think of it as the ultimate report card for your money. It answers the simple, yet vital, question: "For every dollar or euro I put into this investment, how much did I get back?" ROI measures the profitability of an investment relative to its cost, expressing the result as a simple percentage. Whether you're buying a single share of stock, a rental property, or even a rare comic book, ROI gives you a straightforward way to gauge your success. It cuts through the noise and tells you, in no uncertain terms, how effectively your capital has been working for you. For a [[value investing|value investor]], it's the first step in a much deeper analysis, a quick check to see if an opportunity is even worth a closer look.
===== How Do You Calculate ROI? =====
Calculating ROI is refreshingly simple, which is a big part of its appeal. You don't need a fancy calculator or a degree in mathematics—just some basic arithmetic.
==== The Basic Formula ====
The universally accepted formula for ROI is:
**ROI (%) = ( [[Net Profit]] / [[Cost of Investment]] ) x 100**
Let's break that down:
  * **Net Profit:** This is the money you made from the investment. You calculate it by taking the final value of the investment and subtracting the initial cost. For stocks, it’s important to include any extra income you received, such as [[Dividends]]. So, Net Profit = (Final Value - Initial Cost) + Income.
  * **Cost of Investment:** This is the total amount of money you put in to acquire the investment. For stocks, this would be the purchase price plus any commissions or fees.
==== A Simple Example: Buying a Stock ====
Let's say you buy shares in a company called "Durable Mops Inc." for a total of €1,000.
  - One year later, you sell those shares for €1,300. Your [[Capital Gains]] are €300.
  - During that year, Durable Mops Inc. also paid you €50 in dividends.
Your **Net Profit** is your capital gain plus your dividends: €300 + €50 = €350.
Your **Cost of Investment** was the initial €1,000.
Now, let's plug it into the formula:
**ROI = ( €350 / €1,000 ) x 100 = 35%**
Your investment in Durable Mops Inc. gave you a 35% return. Not too shabby!
===== Why ROI Matters to a Value Investor =====
While simple, ROI is a powerful tool in a value investor's toolkit. It’s not just about chasing high numbers; it’s about making intelligent comparisons and understanding business quality.
==== A Universal Yardstick ====
ROI's greatest strength is its versatility. It puts completely different investments on a level playing field. Should you put €10,000 into a blue-chip stock, a government bond, or your cousin’s new pizza parlor? By estimating the potential ROI for each, you can make a more rational comparison. This directly relates to the concept of [[Opportunity Cost]]—the return you give up by choosing one investment over another. ROI helps you ensure your capital is allocated to the opportunity where it can work the hardest for you.
==== Beyond the Numbers: The Quality of Returns ====
A savvy investor like [[Warren Buffett]] doesn't just look at the ROI of a stock; he looks at the ROI a //company// generates with its own money. Metrics like [[Return on Equity (ROE)]] and [[Return on Assets (ROA)]] are essentially specific forms of ROI that measure a company's internal profitability. A business that can consistently generate a high ROI on its own capital is often a wonderful, long-term compounding machine—exactly the kind of business a value investor dreams of owning. A high ROI isn't just a number; it can be a sign of a high-quality business with a durable competitive advantage.
===== The Limits of ROI: What It Doesn't Tell You =====
For all its utility, ROI has some serious blind spots. Relying on it exclusively can lead you straight into trouble.
==== The Time Factor ====
An ROI of 50% is fantastic. But did it take one year to achieve, or ten years? The basic ROI formula doesn't care. An investment that returns 50% in one year (a 50% annualized return) is far superior to one that returns 50% over ten years (a meager 4.1% annualized return). Time is the secret sauce of [[Compounding]], and ROI on its own ignores it. For this reason, investors often use //annualized ROI// to make meaningful comparisons between investments held for different periods.
==== Risk Isn't in the Equation ====
ROI only tells you about the return, completely ignoring the risk taken to achieve it.
  * Investment A: A 15% ROI from a stable, dividend-paying utility company.
  * Investment B: A 15% ROI from betting on a speculative cryptocurrency.
These two investments have the same ROI, but their risk profiles are worlds apart. A value investor's goal is never just to maximize returns; it's to achieve //good// returns while taking on //low// risk. This is the essence of the [[Margin of Safety]] principle. ROI can help you spot potential rewards, but you must do separate homework to understand the risks.
===== The Capipedia.com Takeaway =====
Think of Return on Investment as your initial screening tool. It’s the quick, back-of-the-envelope calculation you do to see if an opportunity is worth your time. It provides a simple, powerful way to measure and compare profitability.
However, it is only the first chapter of the story. A true investor uses ROI as a starting point to ask better questions: How long did it take to get this return? How much risk was involved? Is this return a one-off fluke, or does it come from a sustainably great business? ROI will get you in the ballpark, but it's your judgment, research, and adherence to value principles that will help you win the game.