====== Private Investment ======
Private Investment refers to capital invested in companies that are not publicly traded on a [[stock exchange]] like the [[New York Stock Exchange]] or [[NASDAQ]]. Think of it as the opposite of buying shares in household names like [[Apple Inc.]]. Instead of clicking 'buy' in a [[brokerage account]], private investment involves channeling funds directly into a private enterprise. This world is dominated by specialized players like [[private equity]] (PE) firms, [[venture capital]] (VC) funds, and high-net-worth individuals known as [[angel investors]]. They typically pool money from [[institutional investors]] (like pension funds and university endowments) to make substantial, long-term bets on these private companies. The ultimate goal is to nurture these businesses, help them grow significantly, and then 'exit' the investment years later for a handsome profit, often through a sale to a larger corporation or by taking the company public in an [[initial public offering (IPO)]].
===== How It Works: The Life of a Deal =====
Unlike the instant gratification of public market trading, private investment is a slow, methodical dance. It's a long-term relationship, not a one-night-stand. The process generally follows a clear path:
  - **1. Fundraising:** A firm, run by [[general partners (GPs)]], raises a large pool of money from outside investors, known as [[limited partners (LPs)]]. These LPs are typically large organizations or very wealthy individuals who can afford to lock up their capital for a decade or more.
  - **2. Deal Sourcing & Due Diligence:** The GPs then hunt for promising private companies. This is where the real work begins. They conduct exhaustive [[due diligence]], a deep investigation into every aspect of the target company—its financials, management team, competitive landscape, and growth prospects. This is far more intense than the research most individual investors can do on public stocks.
  - **3. Investment & Value Creation:** Once a deal is made, the firm injects capital. But it's not just about the money. Private investors often take seats on the board and become actively involved in the company's strategy and operations. Their goal is to streamline the business, boost growth, and increase its overall value.
  - **4. The Exit:** After 5-10 years, it's time to cash out. The firm will look for a profitable exit strategy. This could be selling the company to a larger competitor, selling it to another private equity firm, or taking it public via an IPO.
===== The Main Flavors of Private Investment =====
"Private Investment" is a broad term. The specific strategy depends heavily on the type of company being targeted.
==== Venture Capital (VC) ====
This is the high-stakes, high-glamour end of the spectrum. VCs invest in early-stage, high-growth startups with disruptive ideas—think of the next Google in its garage phase. The risk is enormous; most startups fail. However, the VCs are betting that one home run will more than pay for all the strikeouts. Investments are often made in sequential rounds as the company hits milestones, such as a [[Seed round]], [[Series A]], or [[Series B]].
==== Private Equity (PE) ====
PE firms typically focus on more mature, established companies that are already generating revenue and profits. Their game is not about funding a new invention, but about making a good company great. They achieve this through operational improvements, strategic acquisitions, or financial restructuring. A classic PE strategy is the [[leveraged buyout (LBO)]], where the firm uses a significant amount of debt to buy the company, using the company's own cash flow to pay it down over time.
==== Angel Investing ====
Angels are wealthy individuals who use their own money to invest in startups, often at an even earlier stage than VCs. They are the "patron saints" of the startup world. Beyond just writing a check, a good angel investor provides invaluable mentorship, industry connections, and credibility.
===== A Value Investor's Perspective =====
For the average retail investor, direct private investment is largely out of reach. It's a club with high entry fees. However, understanding its principles offers valuable lessons.
==== The Allure for a Value Investor ====
The core of private investing aligns beautifully with the philosophy of [[Benjamin Graham]].
  * **Business-Owner Mindset:** Private investors don't trade stock tickers; they buy businesses. They conduct deep analysis and have a long-term horizon, which is the essence of value investing.
  * **Market Inefficiency:** The private market is far less efficient than the public one. There's no daily "Mr. Market" screaming prices at you. This creates opportunities to find deeply undervalued companies if you have the expertise to look for them.
  * **Control:** Unlike a minority shareholder in a public company, a private investor often has significant influence to unlock value and correct managerial mistakes.
==== The Caveats: Why It's a Different World ====
While attractive, this world comes with major trade-offs that highlight the benefits of public markets for most people.
  * **Extreme Illiquidity:** This is the big one. Your money is locked up for years. There is no "sell" button. This lack of [[illiquidity]] is a major risk and a steep price to pay.
  * **High Barriers to Entry:** You generally need to be an [[accredited investor]], meaning you have a high income or a net worth of over $1 million (excluding your primary residence). Fund minimums are often in the hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars.
  * **Steep Fees:** The standard fee structure is the "2 and 20": a 2% annual management fee on all assets and 20% of any profits, a concept known as [[carried interest]]. These fees create a high hurdle for investors to overcome.