====== Non-Agency mREITs ======
===== The 30-Second Summary =====
  *   **The Bottom Line:** **Non-Agency mREITs are high-stakes, high-yield real estate companies that buy mortgage loans **not** backed by the U.S. government, making them a high-risk, high-reward game of judging management's skill in navigating credit risk.**
  *   **Key Takeaways:**
  * **What it is:** A type of [[mreit|Mortgage Real Estate Investment Trust]] that invests in residential or commercial mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and loans that are not guaranteed by government-sponsored entities like Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac.
  * **Why it matters:** They offer potentially sky-high dividends but come with significant [[credit_risk]], as they absorb the full loss if a borrower defaults. This makes them fundamentally different and riskier than their [[agency_mreit|Agency mREIT]] cousins.
  * **How to use it:** A value investor must analyze them not as a simple high-yield stock, but as a specialty finance company, focusing intensely on management quality, underwriting standards, and buying at a deep discount to tangible book value to establish a [[margin_of_safety]].
===== What is a Non-Agency mREIT? A Plain English Definition =====
Imagine you're a banker. Two people come to you for a loan.
The first person, let's call her "Amy Agency," has a sterling credit score and a wealthy, influential uncle (Uncle Sam) who co-signs the loan. If Amy can't pay, her uncle guarantees he will. Lending to Amy is very safe. You won't make a ton of interest, but you'll almost certainly get your money back. This is the world of **[[agency_mreit|Agency mREITs]]**.
The second person is "Nick Non-Agency." He's an entrepreneur with a promising but unproven business. He doesn't have a wealthy co-signer. If he defaults on his loan, you're on your own. To compensate for this much higher risk, you charge Nick a much higher interest rate. If he succeeds, you'll make a fantastic return. If he fails, you could lose everything.
A **Non-Agency mREIT** is a company that specializes in making loans to "Nicks."
They are publicly traded companies that invest in mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and loans that are **not** guaranteed by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) like Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. Because there is no government backstop, if the homeowners or commercial property owners behind these mortgages stop paying, the Non-Agency mREIT bears the full financial loss. This is called **[[credit_risk]]**, and it is the defining characteristic of this investment.
To compensate for taking on this risk, these mREITs earn much higher interest rates on their assets. They then use significant [[leverage]] (borrowed money) to amplify those returns. The goal is to generate enough income to pay for their operations, cover their own interest expenses, and distribute the hefty remainder to shareholders as dividends.
Think of them as specialist bankers for the non-guaranteed mortgage world. Their entire success or failure hinges on one thing: being exceptionally good at telling the good "Nicks" from the bad ones.
> //"The difference between a good business and a bad business is that a good business throws up one easy decision after another. A bad business gives you agonizing decisions... appetizer decisions." - Warren Buffett//
> ((While Buffett was talking about businesses in general, this is especially true for Non-Agency mREITs. Their entire existence is a series of "agonizing decisions" about which loans to buy and how to manage the inherent risks.))
===== Why It Matters to a Value Investor =====
For a value investor, the world of Non-Agency mREITs is a minefield littered with potential treasure. It's an area where superficial