======net_margin======
Net Margin (also known as 'Net Profit Margin') is the ultimate measure of a company's profitability. Think of it as the final scorecard for a business after a period of play. It reveals exactly how many cents of profit a company generates for every dollar of [[Revenue]]. The calculation is straightforward: Net Margin = ([[Net Income]] / Revenue) x 100. This percentage represents the money left over after //all// expenses have been paid, including the [[cost of goods sold]], operating and interest expenses, and, of course, taxes. It’s the "bottom line" of the [[income statement]] expressed as a percentage of the top line. For a [[value investor]], the net margin is a crucial health indicator. It’s not just about how much money a company makes; it's about how much it //keeps//. A consistently high net margin is often the hallmark of a truly great business with a durable [[competitive advantage]].
===== What Net Margin Tells Us =====
Imagine you run a lemonade stand. You sold $100 worth of lemonade today (your revenue). After paying for lemons, sugar, cups (cost of goods sold), your stand's rental fee (operating expense), and a small slice for your parents (taxes), you are left with $15 in your pocket. Your net margin is 15%. This simple number tells a powerful story about your business's efficiency and pricing power.
A high and stable net margin signals several positive things:
  * **Strong Pricing Power:** The company can charge more for its products or services without scaring away customers. This is often the case for businesses with strong brands or unique products.
  * **Excellent Cost Control:** The management is adept at keeping expenses in check relative to sales.
  * **A Wide "Moat":** As the legendary investor [[Warren Buffett]] would say, the business is protected from competitors. High profitability acts like a castle moat, making it difficult for rivals to compete on price and still make a decent profit.
Conversely, a low or shrinking net margin can be a red flag, suggesting intense competition, rising costs, or poor management. It’s a sign that the company’s fortress is under siege.
===== How to Use Net Margin =====
Net margin is a fantastic tool, but like any tool, you have to use it correctly. It shines brightest when used for comparison.
==== Comparing Companies ====
A company's net margin is most meaningful when compared to its direct competitors in the //same industry//. Comparing the net margin of a software giant like [[Microsoft]] (which might have a net margin over 30%) to a grocery retailer like [[Walmart]] (which might have a net margin around 2-3%) is like comparing a marathon runner's time to a swimmer's. They are playing different games with fundamentally different cost structures.
Software companies have very low [[marginal costs]]—selling one more copy of Windows costs next to nothing. Grocery stores, on the other hand, have to buy every single can of beans they sell. Therefore, you should compare Microsoft to [[Oracle]] and Walmart to [[Target]]. This industry-specific comparison tells you which company is the more efficient operator and likely the stronger business.
==== Tracking Trends Over Time ====
A single net margin figure is just a snapshot. The real movie unfolds when you track the net margin over a 5-to-10-year period.
  * **Is the margin stable or increasing?** Fantastic! This suggests the company’s competitive position is strengthening.
  * **Is the margin erratic or declining?** This demands investigation. Is competition heating up? Is the company losing its edge? A declining trend is a warning sign that the business's fundamentals may be deteriorating.
===== The Big Picture: Net Margin in Context =====
**Bold:** Never rely on a single metric. Net margin is a star player, but it’s part of a team. To get a full understanding of a company's financial health, you should always look at it alongside other key performance indicators.
  * **[[Gross Margin]] & [[Operating Margin]]:** Looking at these margins together tells a story. A company might have a high gross margin but a low net margin. This could mean its core product is profitable, but it spends a fortune on marketing or administrative costs.
  * **[[Return on Equity]] (ROE) & [[Return on Assets]] (ROA):** These ratios show how effectively management is using the company's assets and shareholders' capital to generate profit. A high net margin is a key driver of strong ROE and ROA.
  * **The Other Financial Statements:** Profit isn't cash. A company can report a healthy net income but have terrible [[cash flow]], which you'd discover on the [[cash flow statement]]. Similarly, a peek at the [[balance sheet]] might reveal that the company’s profits are fueled by a dangerous amount of [[debt]].
In summary, the net margin is your go-to metric for a quick, insightful look at a company's bottom-line profitability. Use it to compare rivals and track performance over time, but always use it as part of a holistic analysis.