====== Floorplan Lending ======
Floorplan Lending (also known as Floor Plan Financing) is a form of short-term financing that allows retailers to purchase high-cost inventory, such as cars, RVs, or heavy machinery. Picture a car dealership’s showroom—that’s the “floor.” This specialized loan “plans” for the financing of all the vehicles on display. In this arrangement, a lender (often a bank or a manufacturer's own finance company) extends a [[line of credit]] to the dealer to buy inventory directly from the manufacturer. The crucial part is that the inventory itself—the cars on the lot—serves as the [[collateral]] for the loan. When a car is sold to a customer, the dealer then repays the lender for that specific car’s portion of the loan, plus interest. This revolving credit facility is the financial engine that powers most dealerships, enabling them to offer a wide selection to customers without paying for every vehicle upfront.
===== How It Works in Practice =====
The process is a well-oiled machine, designed to keep showrooms stocked and sales moving. While the details can vary, the typical lifecycle of a floorplan loan looks like this:
  - 1. **Establish the Line:** A dealer, like a local Ford dealership, establishes a floorplan line of credit with a lender, for example, the [[Ford Motor Credit Company]].
  - 2. **Order the Goods:** The dealer orders a batch of new Mustangs and F-150s from the Ford factory.
  - 3. **Lender Pays Up:** Ford Motor Credit pays the manufacturer (its parent company, Ford) directly for the vehicles. The loan is now active.
  - 4. **Inventory on the Floor:** The cars are shipped to the dealership and put on display. They are now officially the collateral securing the loan.
  - 5. **Sale and Repayment:** You walk in, fall in love with a Mustang, and buy it. The dealership uses a portion of the proceeds from your purchase to immediately pay back Ford Motor Credit for that one car, along with any accrued interest.
  - 6. **The Cycle Repeats:** The line of credit is replenished, and the dealer can order another car to take its place.
An important feature is the concept of a //curtailment//. Lenders don't want inventory sitting around forever, depreciating in value. To prevent this, loan agreements often require the dealer to start making small principal payments (curtailments) on a vehicle if it remains unsold after a certain period, say 90 or 180 days. This pressures the dealer to manage their inventory efficiently and discount older stock to get it sold.
===== The Value Investor's Perspective =====
Understanding floorplan lending is key to analyzing companies in the automotive and specialty retail sectors. It impacts both the dealers who use the financing and the financial institutions that provide it.
==== Analyzing the Borrower (e.g., Car Dealerships) ====
For a publicly-traded dealership group like AutoNation or Penske, the efficiency of its floorplan financing is a direct indicator of its operational health. When you're digging into their [[financial statements]], look for these clues:
  * **Inventory Turnover:** How quickly are they selling their cars? A high [[Inventory Turnover]] ratio is a sign of a healthy, efficient business. Cars are moving, customers are buying, and interest costs are kept low. A slowing turnover is a giant red flag that cars are gathering dust instead of gathering new owners, while interest expenses pile up.
  * **Interest Expense:** Check the income statement for the cost of this financing. Is it growing faster than sales? A savvy investor compares the floorplan interest expense to the company's [[gross profit]] to see if the cost of holding inventory is eating away at profitability.
  * **Debt Covenants:** Read the notes in the annual report. Lenders impose rules (covenants) on dealers, such as maintaining a certain level of profitability or cash on hand. A breach of these covenants can be disastrous, so it's vital to know if a company is operating close to the edge.
==== Analyzing the Lender (e.g., Financial Companies) ====
You can also invest in the companies that provide these loans, such as [[Ally Financial]] (the former financing arm of General Motors) or the captive finance arms of major automakers. For these businesses, the floorplan portfolio is a major source of revenue.
  * **Portfolio Health:** The main risk for the lender is that a dealership goes bankrupt. The lender can repossess the cars, but they are a depreciating asset. Therefore, investors should look at the lender's [[Default Rates]]. Low and stable default rates suggest the lender has a high-quality, resilient group of dealer clients.
  * **Economic Sensitivity:** Floorplan lenders are highly sensitive to the health of the economy. In a recession, car sales plummet, dealers struggle, and defaults rise. Furthermore, rising interest rates can squeeze a lender’s [[Net Interest Margin]]—the spread between what it earns on its loans and what it pays to borrow money itself.
  * **Concentration Risk:** A lender focused solely on one industry, like autos or RVs, is exposed to the fortunes of that single market. A more diversified lender may offer a greater margin of safety.