====== Correction ======
A Correction is a decline of at least 10%, but less than 20%, in the price of a financial asset like a [[stock]], [[bond]], [[commodity]], or a major [[market index]] like the [[S&P 500]]. Think of it as a sharp, but usually short-lived, reality check for the market. It's a bigger deal than a minor [[dip]], but not as terrifying as a full-blown [[bear market]] (a decline of 20% or more). Corrections are a perfectly normal, even healthy, part of market cycles. They act like a pressure-release valve, washing out excessive speculation and bringing prices back in line with their [[fundamental]] value. While they can be unsettling, they often occur within the context of a longer-term [[bull market]]. For the patient investor, a correction isn't a reason to panic; it’s a signal to pay close attention.
===== What Triggers a Correction? =====
Market corrections don't just happen out of the blue. They are typically sparked by a shift in investor sentiment, often driven by one or more of these factors:
  * **Economic Worries:** A sudden fear of rising [[inflation]], slowing [[GDP]] growth, or unexpected hikes in [[interest rate]]s can make investors nervous about future corporate profits.
  * **Geopolitical Shocks:** Unexpected events like a major political crisis, trade war, or international conflict can create widespread uncertainty, prompting a flight to safety.
  * **Valuation Concerns:** Sometimes, markets just get ahead of themselves. When stock prices rise much faster than the underlying companies' earnings, the market is said to be "overheated." A correction can bring these lofty valuations back down to earth.
  * **Black Swan Events:** These are highly improbable and unforeseen events, like a global pandemic, that have a massive and sudden impact on the global economy.
===== Correction vs. Bear Market: What's the Difference? =====
It's easy to confuse a correction with a bear market in the heat of the moment, but they are different beasts. The key distinctions lie in their depth, duration, and the underlying economic environment.
==== Depth and Duration ====
A correction is defined by its numbers: a drop between 10% and 19.9%. They are often swift, lasting anywhere from a few weeks to a couple of months before the market resumes its upward trend. A bear market, on the other hand, is a deeper and more prolonged decline of 20% or more. Bear markets can last for many months, sometimes even years, and are frequently linked to a wider economic [[recession]].
==== Investor Psychology ====
During a correction, the general feeling is one of anxiety and uncertainty, but there's often an underlying belief that the long-term bull market is still intact. It’s a temporary storm. In a bear market, the psychology shifts to deep-seated pessimism and fear. Investors lose faith in a recovery, and the prevailing mood is that prices will only go lower.
===== A Value Investor's Perspective on Corrections =====
For a true [[value investor]], the word "correction" should trigger excitement, not fear. While others are panicking, the disciplined investor sees a rare opportunity.
==== The Ultimate Sale Event ====
The legendary investor [[Warren Buffett]] famously said, "//Whether we're talking about socks or stocks, I like buying quality merchandise when it is marked down.//" A correction is the stock market's equivalent of a 10-15% off sale. Suddenly, fantastic companies you've been watching are available at a more reasonable price. This is why savvy investors maintain a [[watchlist]]—a list of high-quality businesses they'd love to own—so they are ready to act when prices become attractive.
==== Befriending Mr. Market's Mood Swings ====
[[Benjamin Graham]], the father of value investing, introduced the allegory of [[Mr. Market]], your manic-depressive business partner. On most days, he’s rational. But on some, he’s euphoric and will offer to buy your shares at ridiculously high prices. On others, like during a correction, he’s panicked and will offer to sell you his shares at a foolishly low price. A correction is simply Mr. Market having a bad day. The value investor’s job is not to be influenced by his mood but to take advantage of his offer. While short-term market [[volatility]] rises, the long-term business value of a great company often remains unchanged. A correction is the perfect time to buy a piece of that great business at a discount.