======Carrying Amount======
Carrying Amount (also known as 'Book Value') is an accounting measure representing the value of an asset as recorded on a company's [[balance sheet]]. Think of it as the historical story of an asset's value from the company's perspective. It begins with the asset's original purchase price and is then systematically reduced over time to reflect its use, wear and tear, or obsolescence. This reduction is known as [[depreciation]] for tangible assets (like machinery) or [[amortization]] for intangible assets (like patents). It is crucial to understand that the carrying amount is an accounting convention, //not// a reflection of the asset's current [[market value]] or what you could sell it for today. For a [[value investing]] practitioner, this distinction is where the opportunity lies—in the gap between what the books say and what an asset is truly worth.
===== How is Carrying Amount Calculated? =====
The calculation is refreshingly simple. It’s a straightforward subtraction that tells you the net book value of an asset at a specific point in time.
The formula is: **Carrying Amount = Original Asset Cost - [[Accumulated Depreciation]]**
Let’s put this into practice with a quick example. Imagine a logistics company, "EuroHaul," buys a new delivery truck.
  * **Original Cost:** EuroHaul pays €60,000 for the truck. This is its initial carrying amount on the balance sheet.
  * **Depreciation:** The company estimates the truck will be useful for 10 years and decides to depreciate it using the [[straight-line depreciation]] method. This means its value is reduced by an equal amount each year. The annual depreciation is €60,000 / 10 years = €6,000 per year.
  * **Carrying Amount After 4 Years:** After four years of service, the accumulated depreciation is €6,000 x 4 = €24,000.
  * **The carrying amount is now:** €60,000 - €24,000 = **€36,000**.
So, after four years, EuroHaul "carries" the truck on its books at a value of €36,000, regardless of whether its market price for a used truck is higher or lower.
===== Why Does Carrying Amount Matter to a Value Investor? =====
While it's an accounting figure, the carrying amount is a foundational concept for uncovering potential bargains. It helps you peek into a company's financial skeleton.
==== The 'Book' in Price-to-Book Ratio ====
The carrying amount is a building block for one of the most famous value investing metrics: the [[Price-to-Book Ratio]] (P/B). A company's total book value, also called [[book value of equity]] or [[shareholders' equity]], is calculated by taking the total carrying amount of all its assets and subtracting all its liabilities. The P/B ratio then compares the company's total stock market value to this book value. A low P/B ratio (especially below 1.0) can signal that you are buying the company's assets for less than their accounting value—a classic starting point for a bargain hunt.
==== A Reality Check, Not a Price Tag ====
The true magic happens when you critically assess the carrying amount. Is the company's real estate carried at its purchase price from 1985? If so, its true market value could be monumentally higher. The legendary investor [[Benjamin Graham]] built his "net-net" strategy on this idea, searching for companies trading for less than their [[net-net working capital]] (current assets minus total liabilities). He wasn't just buying stocks; he was buying assets for pennies on the dollar, giving him an enormous [[margin of safety]]. The carrying amount is your starting point for this kind of detective work.
==== Spotting Potential Issues ====
Conversely, the carrying amount can also be a red flag. If a company's assets consist of outdated technology or unpopular inventory, their carrying amount might be wildly optimistic. Astute investors look for clues like [[impairment charges]] in financial reports. An impairment is a forced write-down that occurs when an asset's carrying amount is deemed to be higher than its actual recoverable value. Frequent impairments might suggest that management has been too slow to adapt or has historically overpaid for its assets.