====== Capital Raising ======
Capital raising is the lifeblood of business, the process through which a company gathers funds to fuel its ambitions. Whether it's a startup with a groundbreaking idea or a mature giant planning a global expansion, nearly every enterprise needs outside cash at some point. This process typically unfolds along two main paths: borrowing money ([[Debt]]) or selling ownership stakes ([[Equity]]). The choice between these paths, and the reasons for seeking capital in the first place, are critical pieces of information for any investor. For a value investor, understanding //how// and //why// a company raises capital is as important as understanding what it sells. It reveals management's strategy, their respect for shareholders, and the underlying health of the business.
===== Why Do Companies Raise Capital? =====
A company's request for cash isn't just a financial transaction; it's a signal about its future. Management raises capital for several key reasons, some far more encouraging for investors than others:
  * **Funding Growth:** This is often the best reason. The money might be used for building new factories, investing in research and development (R&D), or expanding into new markets. The key is whether this new investment will generate a high [[Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)]].
  * **Financing Acquisitions:** Companies often raise capital to buy other companies. As an investor, you must judge if the company is paying a sensible price for the acquisition or overpaying in a fit of empire-building.
  * **Strengthening the Balance Sheet:** Sometimes a company will raise capital to pay down existing debt, creating a more stable financial foundation. This can be a prudent move, especially if interest rates are rising.
  * **Survival:** This is a major red flag. If a company is raising cash just to cover operating losses and keep the lights on, it's often a sign of deep-seated business problems.
===== The Two Main Avenues: Debt vs. Equity =====
Once a company decides it needs money, it faces a fundamental choice. Think of it as a fork in the road, with each path having distinct consequences for investors.
==== Debt Financing ====
This is essentially borrowing. The company takes on debt with a promise to pay it back over time, with interest. Common forms include getting a bank loan or, for larger corporations, issuing [[Bonds]] to the public.
  * **The Upside:** The current owners don't have to give up a piece of the company. Control remains unchanged, and shareholders aren't diluted. Furthermore, interest payments on debt are usually tax-deductible, which can lower a company's tax bill.
  * **The Downside:** Debt is a hard obligation. The payments must be made, rain or shine. If a company takes on too much debt, a small dip in business can quickly escalate into a crisis, potentially leading to [[Bankruptcy]]. A prudent investor always checks the [[Debt-to-Equity Ratio]] to gauge this risk.
==== Equity Financing ====
This involves selling ownership in the business in exchange for cash. The company issues new shares of [[Stock]], which can be done through an [[Initial Public Offering (IPO)]] to become a public company, a [[Secondary Offering]] if it's already public, or a private placement to specific investors like [[Venture Capital]] firms.
  * **The Upside:** The money raised doesn't have to be paid back. It's permanent capital that can be used to grow the business without the stress of mandatory interest payments.
  * **The Downside:** [[Dilution]]. This is a crucial concept. When new shares are issued, each existing share represents a smaller percentage of the company. Imagine you own one slice of a pizza cut into eight slices. If the company issues new shares—effectively cutting every slice in half to create a 16-slice pizza—your portion of the whole pie just got smaller.
===== A Value Investor's Checklist for Capital Raising =====
For a value investor, a capital raise is a test of management's character and competence. [[Warren Buffett]] has famously stated that the first rule for a manager should be to not issue stock when it's trading below a rational estimate of [[Intrinsic Value]]. Doing so is an act of //theft// from existing shareholders.
Before you get excited or worried about a company's capital raise, ask yourself these questions:
  * **Why?** Is the capital being raised for a productive project that will earn a high rate of return, or is it being used to plug a hole in a sinking ship?
  * **How?** Is management using debt or equity? Does the choice make sense given the company's current financial health and the cost of each option?
  * **At What Price?** //(This is the most important question for equity raises)//. Is management selling shares for more or less than what you believe the business is worth? If they sell shares cheaply, they are destroying your value as an owner. If they sell shares at a high price, they are being astute capital allocators.
  * **What's the Impact?** How will the deal change the company's [[Balance Sheet]]? How will it affect future [[Earnings Per Share (EPS)]]? Does it make your investment more or less risky?